What are Emaki? Emaki Productions ¥ The website of Neil Cohn
Introduction What is Visual Language? Research
Research Essays Books Speaking Bibliography
Visual Language Reference Bibliography

Full List


Multimodality of Text and Image

Image Make-up

Layout/Reading Order

General Theory

Child Development and Acquisition

Reviewed Articles


For frequently updated writings on visual language and reviews of many of these references, visit my blog:
The Visual Linguist

Please support my visual language research

Compositional Structure

This page has works relating to the structure of page layout and reading order in visual language.

If you have any works to add, please email me.


Abbott, Lawrence L.1986. Comic Art: Characteristics and Potentialities of a Narrative Medium. Journal of Popular Culture, Vol. 19.4, p. 155-176. Bowling Green, Ohio: BG State University

Bongco, Mila. 2000. Reading Comics: Language, Culture, and the Concept of the Superhero in Comic Books. New York, NY: Garland Publishing Inc.

Barber, John. 2002. The Phenomenon of Multiple Dialectics in Comics Layout. Masters Thesis, London College of Printing.

Clegg, Mark. 1978. Understanding Comics. B.A. in Comics Art with Honors. University of California, Santa Cruz.

Cohn, Neil. 2003. Early Writings on Visual Language. Berkeley, CA: Emaki Productions

Dean, Michael. 2000. The Ninth Art: Traversing the Cultural Space of the American Comic Book. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee

Duncan, Randy. 1999-2000. Toward a Theory of Comic Book Communication. In Fudge, Keith & Lloyd, Michael R. (Eds). Academic Forum Online No. 17. Henderson State University

Eisner, Will. 1985. Comics & Sequential Art. Florida: Poorhouse Press

Groensteen, Thierry. 2007. The System of Comics. Translated by B. Beaty and N. Nguyen: University of Mississippi Press

McCloud, Scott. 2000. Reinventing Comics. New York, NY: Paradox Press

McCloud, Scott. 2000. I Can't Stop Thinking! #4: Follow That Trail. www.scottmccloud.com

Murray, Chris. 1997. Reading Comics: Narrative and Visual Discourse in Comic Art. Paper Presented at the Scottish Word and Image Group conference.

Nakazawa, Jun. 2002. Analysis of manga (comic) reading processes: Manga literacy and eye movement during Manga reading. Manga Studies, Vol. 2, Pp. 39-49

Narayan, Shweta. 2001. A Window on a Trail: The Metaphorical Structuring of Scott McCloud's Web-Comics. Paper presented at the Comic Arts Conference.

Natsume, Fusanosuke. 1997. Manga wa naze omoshiroi no ka [Why are Manga Fascinating?: Their visual idioms and grammar]. Tokyo: NHK Library

Omori, Takahide, Taku Ishii, and Keiko Kurata. 2004. Eye catchers in comics: Controlling eye movements in reading pictorial and textual media. In 28th International Congress of Psychology. Beijing, China.

Tanaka, Takamasa , Kenji Shoji, Fubito Toyama, and Juichi Miyamichi. 2007. Layout Analysis of Tree-Structured Scene Frames in Comic Images Paper read at International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence.

Woo, Benjamin. 2004. Untangling Comics. Undergraduate Honors Thesis, Queen's University


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